This paper presents Loba identity on their self-categorization, language, homeland, cultural practices, religious or spiritual practices, settlement types, types of social categories, and livelihood pattern, because without such knowledge, the roles of their institutions in adaptation facilitation cannot be understood adequately. world and the social development is slow. Lhoba population consists of many tribes; Bogar, Ningbo, Adi and Tajin peoples to name some. Similarly, the seasonal weather pattern has become unpredictable as some winters are warmer than the springs as winter snowfall is shifted to early spring. 2068. Introduction: Anthropology and climate change. Basically, mobility, external assistance, acceptance of provisions of the Nepal government, democratization, and reform in cultural practices are major strategies in changing institutional dynamics. We welcome. The structure of their families is also based on these and other traditions. The Loba are primarily farmers, shepherds, or merchants. A. The findings of this paper were presented by the first author at the Central University, Jharkhand, Ranchi, India on the occasion of Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas (14-16th Nov. 2022). heritage list with the approval of the State Council. At Tangbe, A Nepali teacher from Lower Mustang teaches kids basic education in one of the only school in the village. Ellen, Roy F., Peter Parkes, and Alan Bicker. Furthermore, external financial dependency is recognized as a sign of threats to the collapse of Gomba in Lo-manthang. Sharma, Prayag Raj and Gurung, Jagman. The Government of Nepal contributed a lot to developing a formal education system in the region, where NGOs have also implemented their educational program in coherence with government efforts. Lo-manthang Rural Municipality (LRM), the local government provides grants to the ghenba system to maintain irrigation canals. We are thankful to Mr. Kanchan Mani Dixit for editing the language of this paper. A PhD Dissertation Submitted to Cornell University. see the historical development of the Loba people from the legend, which leaves Both men and women of the Loba nationality like production, planting maize, upland rice and other miscellaneous grains. national characteristics and are an important part of the spiritual culture of To receive the land, they fulfilled extensive obligations such as free labor of men and animals and contribution to the palace, both in cash and kind. When their descendants, the Bo and Garbo brothers, crossed the This type of household also has a compatible practice of fraternal polyandry. The Ghara is a collective term used for occupational groups at the lowest position in the social hierarchy and the politically and economically weakest sub-group of the region. The Reme gyapkin, the turn system followed in different spheres of Loba life. They inhabit the Mustang and Dolpa districts in the northern part of the region (Dhawalagiri Zone), close to the Nepal-China border.. People Group Location: Omid. But we pressed on to Lo Manthang. The dhongba households, however, still have certain community obligations such as maintaining Gomba (monastery); support in rituals with food, labor, materials, and fuel; organizing important community festivals/rituals like Yartung, Tenchi Chiram (Tiji); and looking after their entire family members, including the parents and brother and sisters until they become adults. Lo Manthang is a walled city tucked away in the folds of high mountain ranges far and away from intrusive crowds and even Nepals administrative reach. Introduction / History. Obligation to labor support to the King also ended, since most of the cultivated land belonging to the King has been abandoned, and only about a tenth of the total farmland under the former Kings entitlement is cultivated. Lamas also play a leading role during disasters and support people in coping. 3 and described in the following section. The King and ghemba formulate or design rules and govern the community affairs, whereas Lama or gomba educate people about peace and harmony and ensure justice in society following the norms and values of Tibetan Buddhism. All living things in the world are subject to wuyong and it brings bad fortune to offend a wuyong. Aanis are active in Muktinath temple and are the main actors in controlling or maintenance of the process of worshipping. The common people are obliged to follow the rules fixed by the ghenba. Namgyal, with whom we were staying, had a lovely cottage overlooking the grand Manang range and the Tilicho peak. of the Loba people, the dates of the annual festivals vary from place to place, The Loba follow horizontal social stratification by their occupation, educational level, property holding/access, fluency in languages, gender, and lifestyles. Local people remembered the past and said that a knombo, the basket was torn-off, as they worked at the royal field and palace each year. Ask God to send Christian tourists and hikers to Nepal who will share the love of Jesus with the Loba. This practice used to be called phutok. Qualitative data were collected by applying observation and interviews. In Anthropology of Climate Change: From Encounters to Actions (pp. years, Loba men usually cross long knives, wear fur hunting clothes and fur The fieldwork in Lo-manthang, Upper Mustang started in 2012, but regular interviews and observations were conducted in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2023 respectively. Department of Milin County Committee accompanied by interviews along the way, The ghenba system has three key positions in Lo-manthang. Chhetri, Ram Bahadur. The Lamas who live at Gomba get support, food, and other things, from the American Himalayan Foundation. Climate and Development 7 (3): 235245. Legend of the Ancestors of the Loba Timsina, R.B. Similarly, Ojha (1986) highlighted economic life; Pissel (1965) presented the general description of Loba from a Tibeto-centric perspective; Sharma & Gurung (2056 BS:2000 AD) documented religious sites; and Tulachan (2003) focused on tourism. The new year is celebrated three times, as each harvest is seen as a different year (on November the 1st, December the 1st and January). Crate, Susan A., and Nuttall, Mark. The study was conducted under the PhD in Anthropology project of the first author at Tribhuvan University, Nepal. Since the opening of the place for outsiders, cave settlement has been the point of attraction to tourists. They live in grasslands and forests where they are mainly hunters . Institutions are understood in different ways, however, in social anthropological studies, they are recognized both as formal and informal organization having procedural and functional components of a community, public, civic, and private spheres (Uphoff & Back 2006). In Loba society, a person may have as many as three names. volume7, Articlenumber:4 (2023) Lobas speak their own Loba language, which is similar to the Western Tibetan Language. Yaks were being herded to pasture, monks were hurrying about on their daily rounds, women were collecting firewood and storing it for the winter, men were busy with harvests and tourists were clicking away at everything in sight. A PhD Dissertation Submitted to Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences. They still practice reme ghyapkin, the turn system, in the community and household works by sharing responsibilities to maintain harmony among the community members. Being younger, he could not visualise how exhausting it might be for three senior women to go on tramping for 24 days. Nayudongla along the valley southward, and arrived at the place of Delen Bang. Lo Kingdom continued the practice of cultural systems of resource use and population control. caps. Pasture is managed in turn by splitting them into plots. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Other visible impacts reported are increased invasive species, changed phenology of plants, increased incidents of crops and livestock diseases, and changed habitats of disease vectors. The turn system is widely followed in different spheres of Loba life. This means all the members of households and communities need to have peace and prosperity in a balanced way and they require all elements of nature outside and inside of their bodies. The waist and neck of both men and women are They are also responsible for the operation and maintenance of grinding mills in the village. Water Resources Research 29 (7): 19071912. However, this practice is being changed slowly as new generations of Loba began to marry outside the cross-cousin relations. Other than the game they hunt, they consume maize or millet flourdumplings, rice or buckwheat. A displayed zero can mean true zero, a very small rounded number or sometimes unknown. The first category is ghiughar chhumbe/mhigyaba, who are engaged in worldly/materialistic life (politically and economically) and the second category is ranchunchube/dhawa who are engaged in spiritual and religious life. The Last King of Mustang, the 21st descendant of King Ame Pal1440 (Dhungel 2002), died in 2016. Just a few years back, the King used to organize a feast at the time of Loshar (the New Year Festival) for all the Loba people in Lo-manthang. All seven of us piled into the vehicle. Cookies policy. For a town with a population of just 800, Lo seemed to be bustling with activity. Chhetri, Ram Bahadur 1999. Lhoba societies are patriarchal and in the feudal past, women had no rights and had inherited nothing from their husbands and fathers. The Loba live in the Mustang District of northern Nepal, at altitudes of between 11,000 and 13,000 feet. 1993. The Gomba used to get some grains from the tenants/cultivators as rent, in proportion to the amount of seed being sown in the field. As a result, crops are destroyed by extreme weather events, which may bring seasonal famine for ordinary people. Left Coast Press. They allocate some pasturelands as protected areas and used only in the scare period (FebruaryMarch) when their livestocks become the physically weakest and most vulnerable due to the shortage of fodder. Kagbeni is also where your permit to trek to Mustang is checked. In the household, the head lady decides the move of a brother to the pastureland, another one in trade or migration as a worker, and the one staying at home and taking care of the house, family and farm. The Lama plays a major role in reinforcing local rules, while the Ghenba is an agent who mediates the Lo King and people in materializing rules and operationalizing institutional mechanisms. It is also impossibly windy, and unless you are careful, the vicious wind could knock you off your feet. crab porridge is a snack in Macao. However, the condition of polyandry is dying out at present. We had to descend rapidly before our condition escalated into full-blown acute mountain sickness. in the Loyu area in southeastern Tibet and adjacent counties such as Chayu, Furthermore, Amepal, the first King of Lo, played a significant role in the spread of the Lamaism in the Sakyapa sect of Tibetan Buddhism. Sweepers and scavengers in the Third World Cities: A study on occupational health problems of sweepers and scavengers of Kathmandu, Nepal. University Grants Commission, Nepal, funded to conduct this research in 2012 to Man Bahadur Khhattri. Gomba had been playing a role and supportive in controlling the Loba population through promoting celibacy by Lama and Anis, which was obligatory to each family that a second child be the Lama or Anis. They believe that eternity exists in the light, which is achieved after offering it to God. The area became restricted to foreigners for centuries and opened for controlled tourism only after 1992. Agrawal (2008) emphasized understanding such institutions from their roles in shaping adaptation and improving the capacities of the most vulnerable social groups in any social and environmental upheavals. They develop rules with a collective decision for transhumance practice. District Development Committee, Mustang. - Few evangelicals and few who identify as Christians. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Gombas were supported by local dhongbas, who were mobilizing local resources. They also give to the poor and needy, and abstain from sexual relations during this time. 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As the crow flies, that would have been the shortest route, except that we were not crows and the route entailed going up and down one mountain after another until we reached Jomsom. This is done to avoid confusion regarding the current reality of a people group, to fix grammar and spelling and to avoid potentially offensive wording. In Susan A. Crate & M. Nuttall (Eds. However, the ghenba system has been able to play a crucial role in mobilizing water users, and is useful in the entire Upper Mustang region to mobilize local people for community development and local, ecosystem-based adaptation. On such occasions, the Loba people too, used to greet the King with some money and khada (a piece of special cloth as the symbol of well-wishes) to the Loba King and the Queen. In 2016, during the harvest of grass and crops, the common people were requested and labors presented one person per household to collect fodder and harvest crops for the King. Indigenous environmental knowledge and its transformations: Critical anthropological perspectives. Widespread climate change in the Himalayas and associated changes in local ecosystems. The Upper Mustang was established as an independent state by King Amepal in 1440 AD. They build their homes out of stone, making the roofs out of thinly chiseled stone squares. Such isolation held out the possibility that Upper Mustang might be home to some unsullied original Tibetan culture. 1999. Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Please try again or contact inquiry@tibettravel.org. Some adaptation strategies such as mobility, external assistance, acceptance of provisions of Nepal government, democratization, and reform in cultural practices are found as the major strategies in changing soci-economic, political and environmental conditions. The province used to be an independent kingdom within Nepal until 2008 when Nepal itself became a republic and the Mustang king lost his title. It is surrounded on three sides by Chinese-occupied Tibet. Such changes have severely impacted agriculture, livestock, and the mobility pattern of Loba people for livelihoods. According to the Amchi Ghyacho, there are three kinds of human life situations in which a Lama needs to perform rituals: Nakchi rituals are performed for sick people; Sinchi rituals are performed for dead persons; Karcha rituals are performed during the marriage and the birth of a child in a family. Before making travel plans based on data presented here, please confirm with other sources to the extent possible. precious and living historical data of life and culture for future generations. to wear a sophisticated belt, which is made of rattan, leather, wool and Gorgeous grey and brown cliffs, looking like exquisite shades of raw silk, shimmered in the backdrop. Education and rituals are integral parts of livelihood systems, particularly as the primary function of Buddhist education is to develop an attitude of having belief and values for the individual, nature, and a system of balance, harmony, and co-existence. They speak the following languages: Luba-Katanga, Luba-Kasai, Luba-Maniema, and Swahili. They roast both animal and plant based food. The monarch also protects the livelihood of the Loba community by maintaining peace and harmony among the Loba people through formal rules and regulations. They were not allowed to leave their area without permission and were not allowed to marry Tibetans. International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology 5 (1): 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-020-00039-w. Knrzer, Karl-Heinz. The Lama and Aani were taking mostly spiritual knowledge and practices from Gomba. However, as people are no longer interested in educating their children as monks, most of the cultivable lands are abandoned. The Ghenba, Tamanage Bista said: the fine locally known as chheba, can be asked in a bigger amount. Foreign tourists pay US$ 50 per day to obtain the permit and can stay up to ten days per trip. The construction project contractors of the village municipality for developmental works supply the laborers from those districts where poverty and unemployment are high. The ghenba system in Lo-manthang is led by eight households from Bista/Kutak clan. The Lo King and his officials sponsored to arrange religious councils between 14721475, where over nine hundred monks attended the meetings (Dhungel 2002). The roles of ghenba system are crucial for supporting agricultural activities, including canal maintenance, water distribution and crop protection from livestock encroachment, and providing justice to the victim. The artwork of the Luba Kingdom was also appreciated by Europeans, and was traded too. We had decided to leave Muktinath for the return journey. The global Cell Culture Reagent Market USD 1573.8 Million in 2021, with a change of Percent between 2021 and 2022. Evangelicals = 2% Professing Christians > 5% and = 50% 3 Superficially reached- Few evangelicals, but many who identify as Christians. Many Loba people migrated to work in high-earning countries and regions like the USA, Europe, and Japan, and supplied a high cash flow. For some years now, these murals are being restored under the stewardship of Luigi Feini, an Italian who has trained the local people to do the work.
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