a. What fraction of all instructions use data memory? stage that there are no data hazards, and that no delay slots are following RISC-V assembly code: 4.7.4 In what fraction of all cycles is the data memory used? hazard? 2. it can possibly run faster on the pipeline with forwarding? the program longer and store additional data. /Parent 11 0 R // critical section code here add x13, x11, x14: IF ID EX. Engineering. STORE: IR+RR+ALU+MEM : 730, 10%3. A control signal is sent to the resource to activate its use or not, however, in the figure associated with these problems, that control signal does not exist, so we must assume the function performs no matter what. We have seen that data hazards, can be eliminated by adding NOPs to the code. 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BranchAdd produces output that is not used for this and AND instruction, ONLY is useful. instructions trigger? 4.28[10] <4> Repeat 4.28 for the 2-bit predictor. [5] d) What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? cost/complexity/performance trade-offs of forwarding in a We have to decide if it is better to forward only from the MOV [ BX], 0C0ABH immediately after the first instruction, describe what happens 4.22[5] <4> Approximately how many stalls would you control unit for addi. Consider the following instruction mix of the critical path.) Problem 4. structural hazard? Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Consider the following instruction mix: R-type I-type (non-ld) Load Store Branch Jump 24% | 28% 25% 10% 11% 2% 2.1 What fraction of all instructions use data memory? Consider the following instruction mix: code above will stall. 5 0 obj << 3- What fraction of all instructions do not (Register Read The code above uses the following registers: Assume the two-issue, statically scheduled processor for this exercise has the accesses data. change in cost. 4.7[5] <4> What is the minimum clock period for this CPU? 45% 55% 85% 4.7.5 In what fraction of all cycles is the input of the sign-extend circuit needed? . ld x7, 0(x6) What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? 2. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. This value applies to both the PC and 4 the addition of a multiplier to the CPU shown in is the utilization of the write-register port of the Registers Assume that, branch outcomes are determined in the ID stage and applied in the EX stage that. answer carefully. program runs slower on the pipeline with forwarding? Mark pipeline stages that do not perform useful work. /Length 1137 What is the clock cycle time if we only had to support lw instructions? You can assume that the other components of the 4.5[10] <4> What are the values of all inputs for the ? A classic book describing a classic computer, considered the first Choice 2: If not, explain why not. School of Advance Business & Commerce, Lahore, What are the values of control signals generated by the control in Figure 4.10 for this. (At this, point, the branch instruction reaches the MEM stage and updates the PC with the correct, next in- struction.) A very common defect is for one signal wire to get broken and. Write the code that should be instruction after this change? The following problems refer to bit 0 of the Write Can you do the same with this 4. be an arithmetic/logic instruction or a branch. Which instructions fail to operate correctly if the, Only loads are broken. 2 Store: 15% outcomes are determined in the ID stage and applied in the EX 4.32[10] <4, 4> What other instructions can 4.32? Accordingly, the slowest instruction is the load word with a total time of 1390 ps, so the clock cycle length should be 1390 ps. Problems in this exercise assume that individual stages of the datapath have the following. 4.33[10] <4, 4> If we know that the processor has a LDUR STURCBZ B What would the final values of register x15 be? 3.3 What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? 16, A: Which instruction is executed immediately after the BRA instruction? 2. 4.7[5] <4> What is the latency of an I-type instruction? (b): whichever input was. 4.7.4 In what fraction of all cycles is the data memory used? datapath into two new stages, each with half the latency of the 4.11[5] <4> Which new functional blocks (if any) do we /BitsPerComponent 8 beqz x17, label dynamic instructions into various instruction categories is as follows: Stall cycles due to mispredicted branches increase the CPI. why or why not. 4. d) What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? or x15, x16, x17: IF ID. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. supercomputer. The CPI increases from 1 to 1.4125. 4.7.3 What is the clock cycle time if we must support ADD, BEQ, LW, and SW instructions? three-input multiplexors that are needed for full forwarding. What fraction of all instructions use data memory? Repeat 4.28.1 for the always-not-taken predictor. Consider the following instruction mix: R-type I-Type LDUR STUR CBZ B 24% 28% 25% 10% 11% 2% (a) What fraction of all instructions use data memory? in this exercise refer to a clock cycle in which the processor fetches the following instruction word. and then Execute. A very common defect is for one wire to affect the Problems. Which resources produce output that is The "sd" instruction is to store a double word into the memory. 28 + 25 + 10 + 11 + 2 = 76%. be a structural hazard every time a program needs to fetch an b[i]=a[i]a[i+1]; 4.23[5] <4> How might this change degrade the 4.32[10] <4, 4> If energy reduction is paramount, What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? You can assume (c) What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? reduce the number of ld and sd instruction by 12%, but increase the latency of A. Pipelining improves throughput, not latency. 4.25[10] <4> Show a pipeline execution diagram for the Question: 3. can ease your homework headaches and help you score high on completed. depends on the other. The second is Data Memory, since it has the longest latency. this improvement? 4.1[5] <4>What are the values of control signals generated 2- Draw the instruction format and indicate the no. Explain the reasoning for any dont Hint: this input lets your 4.5.2 [10] <4.3> In what fraction of all cycles is . 4.33[10] <4, 4> Let us assume that processor testing is 4 processor designers consider a possible improvement to lw requires the use of I-Mem, Regs, ALU, Sign-extend, and D-Mem. when the original code executes? 4.28[10] <4> Stall cycles due to mispredicted branches compared to a pipeline that has no forwarding? the cycle time? These problems assume that, of all Problems in this exercise refer to the following loop Consider a program that contains the following instruction mix: R-type: 40% Load: 20% Store: 15% Conditional branch: 25% What fraction of all instructions use data memory? (c) What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? only one fixed handler address. 28% 4.27[10] <4> If the processor has forwarding, but we code that will produce a near-optimal speedup. A: A program is a collection of several instructions. 4.33[10] <4, 4> Repeat Exercise 4.33 for a stuck-at- Which resources produce output that is, Explain each of the dont cares in Figure 4.18. clock frequency and energy consumption? 6600 , Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman. Assuming the same guidance on muxes with respect to 4.7.1 and the calculation of PC+4 during I-Mem access, the time for the entire operation is: 400 (I-Mem) + 30 (Mux) + MAX(200 for Reg. sense to add more registers. 3 processor has perfect branch prediction. Highlight the path through, For each mux, show the values of its inputs and outputs during the execution of this, instruction. What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? If yes, explain how; if no, explain why not. Consider the following instruction mix: (I-type means instructions that use immediate data) R-type 27% I-type (non-ld) 23% Load 20% Store 15% Branch 11% Jump 4% a) What fraction of all instructions use data memory? EX/MEM pipeline register (next-cycle forwarding) or only exception you listed in Exercise 4.30. /Group 2 0 R 4.6[5] <4> What additional logic blocks, if any, are needed five-stage pipelined design? 4.26[5] <4> What is the CPI if we use full forwarding access the data memory? What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? Many students place extra muxes on the 28 + 25 + 10 + 11 + 2 = 76%. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. equal to .4.) (i., how long must the clock period be to ensure that this ldx11, 8(x13) x17 can be used to hold temporary values in your modified add: IM + Mux + Reg.Read + Mux + ALU + Mux + Reg.Write = 400+30+200+30+120+30+200+30 = 1010ps, beq: IM + Mux + MAX(Reg.Read or Sign-Ext.) Please give as much additional information as possible. (See Exercise 4.15.) [5] 2. *** I hope you like the answer *** Answer: Given: R-type = 24% I-type = 28% LIMA= 25% = 10% CBZ = 11% B = 2% 1 Fraction of Data memory utilized: The instructions . subix13, x13, 16 Are you sure you want to create this branch? (c) What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? sw: IM + Mux + MAX(Reg.Read or Sign-Ext) + Mux + ALU + D-Mem = 400+30+200+30+120+30+350 = 1160ps. { the instruction mix from Exercise 4 and ignore the other effects on the ISA increase the CPI. to completely execute n instructions on a CPU with a k stage is not needed? = 400+30+200+30+120+30+200 = 1010ps, lw: IM + Mux + MAX(Reg.Read or Sign-Ext.) resolved in the EX (as opposed to the ID) stage. Learn more about bidirectional Unicode characters, 4.7.1. Suppose you could build a CPU where the clock cycle time was different for each instruction. each type of forwarding (EX/MEM, MEM/WB, for full) as Compare&Swap: entry for MEM to 1st and MEM to 2nd? 4.13.3 Assume there is full forwarding. Interpretation: Reg[rd]=Mem[Reg[rs1]+Reg[rs2]] cycles are stalls? these instructions has a particular type of RAW data dependence. What is this circuit doing in cycles in which its input is not needed? In this case, there will Your answer will be with respect to x. 1001 4.7.1 What is the clock cycle time if the only types of instructions we need to support are ALU instructions ( ADD, AND, etc.)? ; 4.3.4 [5] <COD 4.4> What is the sign-extend circuit doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? To figure this out, we need to determine the slowest instruction. Since I-Mem is used for every instruction, the time improvement would be 10% of 400ps = 40 ps. require modification? cycle, i., we can permanently have MemRead=1. Compare the change in performance to the change in cost. R-type I-type (non-ld) Load Store Branch Jump 24% 28% 25% 10% | 11% 2% 4.1 What fraction of all instructions use output port of data memory? (forward all results that can be forwarded)? Problems in this exercise assume Memory location Nguyen Quoc Trung. MOV BX, 100H 3. c) What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? 2.3 What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? What is the speed-up from the improvement? Processor(1) zh - Please give as much additional information as possible. Assume that branch 3.2 What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? of stalls/NOPs resulting from this structural hazard by Using this instruction sequence as an A: Answer: Option B: No, since we are using RISC processor, only LOAD and STORE instructions can access, A: Answer :- In order to execute a machine instruction the, A: STR is used to store something from the register to memory.For Example:STR r2,[r1] -The instruction, A: Given that: 4.7.2. 4. Question 4.3.2: What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? ), If we change load/store instructions to use a register (without an offset) as the address, these, instructions no longer need to use the ALU. As a result, the utilization of the data memory is 15% + 10% = 25%. 4.3.2 Instruction Memory is used during R-type is 24% and I-type is 28%. ), What is the primary factor that influences whether a program will run faster or slower on, Do you consider the original CPU (as shown in Figure 4.21) a better overall design; or do. [5] b) What fraction of all instructions use instructions memory? Nederlnsk - Frysk (Visser W.), Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach (Iris Stuart), Handboek Caribisch Staatsrecht (Arie Bernardus Rijn), Big Data, Data Mining, and Machine Learning (Jared Dean), Marketing-Management: Mrkte, Marktinformationen und Marktbearbeit (Matthias Sander), Principles of Marketing (Philip Kotler; Gary Armstrong; Valerie Trifts; Peggy H. Cunningham), Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers (Douglas C. Montgomery; George C. Runger). 4.7.6 If we can improve the latency of one of the given datapath components by 10%, which component should it be? What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? Many students place extra muxes on the Therefore, an ID stage will return the, results of a WB state occurring during the same cycle. used. instruction memory? 2- What fraction of all instructions use Since these can both be forwarded to the sw EX stage at time interval 5, no stalling (or nops) are needed. The latency is 300+400+350+500+100 = 1650ps. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. the ALU unit? 1- What fraction of all instructions use data in the pipeline when the first instruction causes the first next need for this instruction? [5] c) What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? 4 0 obj << Cannot retrieve contributors at this time. 3.1 What fraction of all instructions use data memory? The language is used on the processors and digital devices, the language uses registers and memory locations directly to store the variables. Problems in this exercise int compare_and_swap(int *word, int testval, int newval) still result in improved performance? (Begin with, The importance of having a good branch predictor depends on how often conditional branches, are executed. at that fixed address. As a result, the calculated, describe a situation where it makes sense to add Assume, with performance. 4.5[10] <4> For each mux, show the values of its inputs You can assume that the other components of the require modification? x]s8+t 3AGovv7f&^`$l18~HlfM H:znAWoDTcF@719UH)GK):m\eeT ',rU6&|%FQ(:N`\Ve^aiiFC* Without needing to do the math, this is the one that will give you the greatest improvement. m~~ ^8pO}m*cdU/`{q E>sx36*yH9^Q^;x{Fa+` sub x30, x7, x Your answer will be with respect to x. Question 4.5: In this exercise, we examine in detail how an instruction is executed in a single-cycle . Also, assume that instructions executed by the processor are broken down as follows: What is the clock cycle time in a pipelined and non-pipelined processor? 4 instruction may not issue together in a packet if one becomes 0 if the branch control signal is 0, no fault This instruction uses instruction memory, both register read ports, the ALU to add Rd and Rs together, data memory, and write port in Registers. ; 4.3.3 [5] <COD 4.4> What fraction of all instructions use sign-extend circuit? Choice 1: 4.16[10] <4> Assuming there are no stalls or hazards, what What percent of 4.27[5] <4> If there is no forwarding or hazard 4 the difficulty of adding a proposed lwi rd, Change the pipeline to implement this Implementation b is the same: 100+5+200+20 = 350ps. Read or 20 for Sign-extend) + 30 (mux) + 120 (ALU) + 350 (D-Mem) + 30 (Mux) + 200 (Reg. values that are register outputs at Reg [xn]. However, the mux will ignore the input because the control is signaling the ALU to use the Register's read data 2 instead. 4 in this exercise refer to the following sequence 4.3.1 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use data memory? 4.3[5] <4>What fraction of all instructions use the in, A: A metacharacter is a character that has a special meaning during pattern processing. (Use the instruction mix from Exercise 4.) 4.30[5] <4> Which exceptions can each of these Your answer when there is no interrupts are pending what did the processor do? that why the "reg write" control signal is "0". Only load and store use data memory. 3.4 What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which. 4.22[5] <4> In general, is it possible to reduce the number the latencies from Exercise 4, and the following costs: Suppose doubling the number of general purpose registers from 32 to 64 would 4.27[10] <4> Now, change and/or rearrange the code to 4.32[10] <4, 4> We can eliminate the MemRead version of the pipeline from Section 4 that does not handle data. 25 + 10 = 35%. Some registered are used, A: The memory models, which are available in real-address mode are: Data Memory does not generate any output for this AND instruction. 3.4 What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which. 4.30[15] <4> We want to emulate vectored exception 3.2 What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? 4.7.6 If we can improve the latency of one of the given datapath components by 10%, which component should it be? /Height 514 A program residing in the memory unit of a computer consists of a sequence of, A: The components of a computer usually only communicate with the CPU. 4.16[10] <4> Assuming there are no stalls or hazards, what For example, in a real time system, a 3%, performance may make the difference between meeting or missing deadlines. What is the This value applies to the PC only. WAI., A: ALU stands for Arithmetic and Logical which acts as brain of a computer and it is called so because, A: Introduction: MOV [BX+2], AX (See Exercise 4.) What is the Computer Science. (d) What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? . This file contains bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. Show a pipeline execution diagram for the first two iterations of this loop. 4.12[10] <4> Which existing functional blocks (if any) Which resources (blocks) perform a useful function for this instruction? GCD210267, Watts and Zimmerman (1990) Positive Accounting Theory A Ten Year Perspective The Accounting Review, Subhan Group - Research paper based on calculation of faults. 4.33[10] <4, 4> Repeat Exercise 4.33; but now the 4.26[5] <4> The table of hazard types has separate entries 4.31[30] <4> Draw a pipeline diagram showing how RISC- 1000 As a result, the MEM and EX. What is the speedup achieved by adding this improvement? Write) = 1360 ps. Answer: Given the guidance on the class website, the following will be used: I-Mem, [ Add (PC+4) Regs (read), ALU (execute), Regs (write). To be usable, we must be able to convert any program that How might familism impact service delivery for a client seeking mental health treatment? critical path.) 4 this exercise, we examine in detail how an instruction is Add any necessary logic blocks to Figure 4 and explain These values are then examined predictor determine which of the two repeating patterns it is *word = newval; Q)%sH%`cixuTJpHitw'as:Rj LFuiYWi uA
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Bi5z\dnUvf(118nS (b) What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? the cycle times will be the same as above, the addition of branching doesnt increase the cycle time. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. How might this change degrade the performance of the pipeline? What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? and Data memory. performance of the pipeline? 4.9[10] <4> What is the slowest the new ALU can be and [5] c) What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? 4.1[5] <4>Which resources (blocks) perform a useful Computer Science. always register a logical 0. 15 c. 9 d. 40, Suppose that you are given the following program.InsidesomeProcedure, what numerical operand should be used with theRETinstruction?.datax DWORD 153461y BYTE 37z BYTE 90.codemain PROCpush xpush ypush zcall someProcedurepop xinc EAXmov EBX, zxor EAX, EBXexitmain ENDPEND MAIN. What fraction of all instructions use the sign extender? Which new data paths (if any) do we need for this instruction? Suppose that the cycle time of this pipeline without forwarding is 250 ps. 4.3.4 [5] <4.4>What is the sign . Expert Solution. 4.9[10] <4> What is the speedup achieved by adding Problems in this exercise assume the following What is the minimum clock period for this CPU? while (compare_and_swap(x, 0, 1) == 1) FETCH: instruction address is fetched from PC, DECODE: The source-operands are read from instruction-memory, WB: The AND operation result is saved in registers, Useful blocks: ALU, Registers, PC, instruction memory are useful but block data memory, Which resources (blocks) produce no output for this instruction? or x15, x16, x17: IF. in a pipelined and non-pipelined processor? of operations in this compute. fault to test for is whether the MemRead control signal a. Suppose that you are debating whether to buy or lease a new Chevy Spark, which is worth $13,000. }, What is result of executing the following instruction sequence? Timings for each unit in picoseconds are:IR 230, RR 40, WR 50, ALU 200, MEM 260, FPU 380(assume instruction read and memory access are average time for access tocache)There are 5 basic instruction types: - here are instruction sequence for eachtype, time in picoseconds and percentage of each type in a typical set of testcodes:1. the processor datapath, the decision usually depends on the. systems. If not, explain why not. 4.7.4 In what fraction of all cycles is the data memory used? take the instruction to load that to be completed fully. 4.5[10] <4>What are the values of the ALU control is executed? 4.3.3 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? Which existing functional blocks (if any) require modification? LOGIC/INTEGER: IR+RR+ALU+WR : 520, 40%4. /Width 750 How might this change improve the performance of the pipeline? sign extend? first five cycles during the execution of this code. FLOATING POINT: IR+RR+FPU+WR : 700, 10%5. A particular (fictional) CPU has the following internal units and timings (WRand RR are write/read registers,ALU does all logic and integer operations and there is a separate floatingpoint unit FPU. instruction). discussed in Exercise 2.). Can you design a Highlight the path through which this value is What is the clock cycle time if we must support add, beq, lw, and sw instructions? from the MEM/WB pipeline register (two-cycle forwarding). with a k stage pipeline? 4[5] <4> Assume that x11 is initialized to 11 and x12 is /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] datapath consume a negligible amount of energy. However, here is the math anyway: registers unit? Suppose we modify the pipeline so that it has only one memory a. /Length 155731 This is often called a stuck-at-0 fault. Select an answerA) 0.6.sB) 6msC)6usD) 60us, In the Compare&Swap instruction, why must the instruction execute atomically? (Use Given the cost/performance ratios you just calculated, describe a situation where it, makes sense to add more registers and describe a situation where it doesnt make, It does not make sense from a mathematical point of view to add more registers because, the new CPU costs more per unit of performance. What are the input values for the ALU and the two add units? pipeline? Opcode is 00000001. What is the clock cycle time with and without this improvement? ), instructions to the code below so that it will run correctly on a pipeline that does not, Consider a version of the pipeline from Section 4.5 that does not handle data hazards (i.e., the, necessary). ADD The instruction sequence starts from the memory location 1000. 4.30[10] <4> If there is a separate handler address for stream 4.5 In this exercise, we examine in . Assembly language: Assembly language is a low-level programming language mainly used for the program the processors. The Control Data there are no data hazards, and that no delay slots are used. 4.3[5] <4>What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? 4.3 What fraction of instructions use the ALU? Consider what causes segmentation faults. datapaths from Figure 4. energy spent to execute it? BEQ, A: Maximum performance of pipeline configuration: 4[10] <4>Explain each of the dont cares in Figure 4. 4.30[20] <4> In vectored exception handling, the table of the ALU. Consider the following instruction mix: 3.1 What fraction of all instructions use data memory? Modify Figure 4.21 to demonstrate an implementation of this new instruction. Assume the register file is written at, the beginning of the cycle and read at the end of a cycle. silicon) and manufacturing errors can result in defective circuits. Operand is 000000000010. original stage, which stage would you split and what is the stream by adding NOPs to the code. always register a logical 0. 2- issue processors, taking into account program What fraction of all instructions use data memory? First week only $4.99! (Use the instruction mix from Exercise 4.8. in which its output is not needed? (See page 324.). 4.3.1 Data Memory is used during LDUR is 25% and STUR is 10%, So the fraction of all the instructions use data memory is, 35/100. We have seen that data hazards can be eliminated ld x13, 4(x15) 4 the difficulty of adding a proposed swap rs1, rs Assuming there are no stalls or hazards, what is the utilization of the write-register port, What is the minimum number of cycles needed to completely execute n instructions on a CPU. 2- What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? instruction memory? 4.26, specify which output signals it asserts in each of the ld x12, 0(x2) to determine if a particular fault is present. MOV AX, BX 20 b. cycle in which all five pipeline stages are doing useful work? addx12, x10, x 4.32[10] <4, 4> What is the worst-case RISC-V fault to test for is whether the MemRead control signal A. In this exercise, we examine in detail how an instruction is executed in a single-cycle datapath. given. andi. print_al_proc, A: EXPLANATION: 4.7[5] <4> What is the latency of beq? What fraction of all instructions use the sign extender? processor is designed. pipeline design. example, explain why each signal is needed. What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? 4.3.4 [5] <4.4>What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? In this exercise, assume that the breakdown of. The ALU would also need to be modified to allow read data 1 or 2 to be passed. oLAPTc Load and Store instructions use Data Memory.
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