Try these products to get shiny, healthy locks. Your race can have an effect on your facial hair growth. Japan Japan is also a place to fight this battle. Harris, publishing in the British Journal of Dermatology in 1947, wrote American Indians have the least body hair, Chinese and black people have little body hair, white people Therefore, the stereotype of a beardless Native American must be removed for good. There are many older Natives who are naturally bald due to progressive hair loss. punch me! 99% have it: In general, most men grow facial hair. There are many beard styles out there, but one that stands out A: No. 2. Facial hair growth is largely determined by genetics. Ruthless and packs heat. For example, some tribes love to flaunt a mustache along with a full beard, while on the other hand, there are Native Americans who prefer a simple clean-shaven look. He has a diverse background in both blogging & magazine writing and got his start in hair by styling wigs for theater. There havent been any studies looking at the average rate of beard growth. Some hair follicles have receptors on them that are very sensitive to this higher form of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and that will stimulate hair growth. Top Image: Scientists have found the evolutionary reason for beards. (Mary Harrsch/ CC BY 2.0 ). Buzz Cut Lengths Built over 800 years ago from massive basalt rocks, this lost city is nestled in the dense jungle and mangroves. If youre eating a healthy and balanced diet, you should already be getting a full spectrum of micronutrients. By 1. Vous avez des problmes de TNT ? This is an open and welcoming community. Welcome! The results indicate beards significantly reduce the force of impact from blunt objects and hair absorbs energy, thereby reducing the incidence of failure.. They thought it looked unkempt. asians and natives can't grow beards ever. This is how. Caucasian hair density is the highest of the three ethnic categories and is therefore the fullest. People from Mediterranean countries tend to be able to grow thick beards compared to people from other regions. American Indian anthropology experts say that the early American Indians would often pluck the hairs as fast as they grew in, simply because they did not want the hair. It has been reported that Asian hair is generally straight and is the thickest, while its cross-section is the most round-shaped among these three. Theres little you can do to boost the thickness or the rate your beard grows. Nutrafol for Men: Products, Cost, and More, The 15 Best Hair Growth Products for Hair Loss and Thinning Hair. What races dont grow facial hair? A fairly obvious statement, but based on the findings of the survey: Only 28% have a mustache, goatee, beard, or some other form of facial hair. Can you remember, what was the last time you saw a bearded 2. They preferred to pluck each hair as it came to avoid the look of a beard in general, which would cause comparisons to Europeans to be made. Caucasian hair strands are oval in shape. Just how thick it grows depends on genetics, however. Facial hair growth in Chinese men tends to concentrate around the mouth while Caucasian men tend to have more hair on the cheeks , neck, and chin . The art of the tattoo was used differently depending on the tribe, but it was considered a sacred and spiritual ritual across Native American society. (2016). So it shouldn't have any impact on how quickly the hair grows or how dense the hair grows. According to a 2016 study , Chinese men generally have less facial hair growth than Caucasian men. People from Mediterranean countries tend to be able to grow thick beards compared to people Men start to develop facial hairwhich is regulated by testosteroneduring their pubescent stage, and it doesn't fully mature until they reach their early twenties. Heres how beard health works. However, due to the tight curls, the oil doesnt spread evenly along the hair fiber. Bob Cuts for Thick Hair This means modern males (especially MacGregor) are more able on average to perform in hand-to-hand conflict. Individuals were often marked with symbols of protection and guardian spirit emblems. Even though Native Americans tend to be clean-faced and lack facial hair, full-blooded Native Americans can grow facial hair. There were many Native Americans who had facial hair like Tenskwatawa He was a Native American political leader of the Shawnee tribe with a mustache. There are a few different races of people who do not grow facial hair. Your genetics is the primary factor that determines how thick your beard will grow. This explains why men grow facial hair while most women do not. If a Native American grows a full beard, it will be very sparse. Hmmm, what about fingernails? In fact, African hair actually produces more oils than Caucasian and Asian hair. The amount your beard grows is determined by your hairs DHT sensitivity. Ladies, What's Your Opinion on Asian Men with Facial Hair, Mustaches, and Beards? Currently, there are Asians and tribal groups present in Russia who have similar beards as Native Americans because their ancient ancestors belonged to East Asia before they moved to the West. Native Americans and Asians share similar ancestry and one common thing about these two races is that they do not grow thick hair on their faces as well as Letting your beard grow out can hide spots where your However, a glossy coat on your beard may make it appear thicker. So again, a significant role in genetics comes into play. Thoths Storm: New Evidence for Ancient Egyptians in Ireland? Yes, they do have facial and body hair but very little, and they tend to pluck it from their faces as often as it grows. Was his secret weapon his beard? Chen X, et al. Then when they came toshave and repeat. Even though many men like the way beards look, not being able to grow a beard doesnt put you at risk for developing any health problems if youre otherwise healthy. To a greater extent, beard genetics plays a major role in determining facial hair patterns among different individuals. There were many Native Americans who had facial hair like Tenskwatawa He was a Native American political leader of the Shawnee tribe who had a mustache. If your grandfather, father or brothers went bald early, the chances are that you will too. UFO Author Will Lead Exploration of Rendlesham Forest Encounters Site, Debunking the Aryan Race Myth and Separating Fact from Fiction, Mysterious Lake Monster Causes Underwater Eruption (Video), The Black Death and Beyond: Uncovering the Secrets of Plague's Deadly Legacy (Video), The Kings Champion: Medieval Coronation Roles, With a Twist, Digging the Deep Blue: Challenges and Triumphs in Underwater Archaeology, The Roman Empire: A Story of Power, Glory, and Tragedy, The Mongol Onslaught: When Ukraine Fell to the Horde (Video). Dihydrotestosterone regulates hair growth through the Wnt/-Catenin pathway in C57BL/6 mice and. In most cases, African people have curly beard hairs and also head hairs. It is sacred to who Native Americans are as individuals, families, and communities. If youre in your early 20s or teens, its likely that your beard will continue to get thicker as you age. Elves do not grow facial hair, according to the D&D 5th edition's Player's Handbook (p.21): Elves have no facial and little body hair. Hairstyles for Black Women Today, many Native Americans still dont wear facial hair as it grows too sparsely to look its best. He was raised in Wick, a small fishing village in the county of Caithness on the north east coast of Read More. What Is The Most Prestigious University In Europe? Nutrafol is a company that offers supplements for minor hair loss, but do they really work? I've since worked with schools and districts all over the country, helping them improve their curriculums and instruction methods. Another common myth is people believe that Native Americans cut off their beards until the hair permanently stopped growing, but the credibility of the source is yet to be questioned. =), Probably not a bad choice, I also used to be an armed response guard =). Facts About Native American Beard: The Untold Truth - Hairstyle You might think men who can grow a beard have a higher testosterone level, but in reality, most men have about the same level of testosterone. WebFacial hair is hair grown on the face, usually on the chin, cheeks, and upper lip region. Maybe. Thanks for reading! So God gave man beards in order to take a punch? Indonesia Indonesians will also be stuck somewhere in the way of growing facial hair journey. The ancestry of Native Americans is similar to Asians. The Indians lack of body hair is attributed to their Asian ancestry. According to the same study, the diameter of human hair can vary from 17 to 180 micrometers, which can be a contributing factor to beard thickness. There are a few races that dont grow facial hair. (Answer compiled by Ian Mursell/Mexicolore) The short answer is 'No'. As Greek mythology goes, the universe was once a big soup of nothingness. Men start to develop facial hairwhich is regulated by testosterone during their pubescent stage, and it doesn't fully mature until they reach their early twenties. The Maya were a smaller race of people with dark skin, dark eyes and straight black hair, but to them what was considered physically beautiful was not the way they were born, but a long sloping forehead and slightly crossed-eyes. It is sacred. Bearded Gods of the Americas Were Jesus Resurrected?! It was discovered that the jaw samples with full and partial facial hair patterns were capable of absorbing more energy than "plucked and sheared samples. The total energy absorbed by the jaw with full facial hair was a massive 37 per cent greater in the furred compared to the plucked samples.. Black people also have a considerable amount of facial hair. Most keep their hair as they age, but not all do. People from Mediterranean countries tend to be able to grow thick beards compared to people from other regions. Native American facial hair is usually thinner than the hair of other racial groups. (Video), When Faith and Power Clash: How Christianity Divided the Roman Empire (Video), Medieval Maverick: Roger Bacon's Quest for Knowledge and Truth, The Life and Times of Mansa Musa: The Richest Man in History, Fathoming the Ruins of Yanmen Shan Mountain and the Biggest Cut Rocks in the World, Sacred Treasure Hunt: In Pursuit of the Elusive Ark of the Covenant (Video). Ethnicity Your race can have an effect on your facial hair growth. (2019). The thickness of your beard is primarily determined by your genetics. What races dont grow facial hair? What can you do to boost beard growth, particularly on the cheeks? Dhurat R, et al. Archived post. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. Throughout history, people have donned facial hair or shaved it as a response to the choices of their enemies and rivals. Anyone who wants to grow a beard, Native American or not, can help urge and support the growth by eating and sleeping well, taking hair growth supplements and vitamins, and keeping the face washed and moisturized. What is the origin of the legend of the Christed Son who was born of a virgin on December 25th? Beltane is an ancient Gaelic festival celebrating the beginning of summer and the renewal of life. Some sources even refer to pubic hair as a dry lubricant. Thats because its easier to rub hair against hair than it is to rub skin against skin. While AMWF stands for relationships between Asian men and white women we are absolutely not exclusive to AMWF couples! Medieval Hygiene Might Have Been Better Than You Think, The Macuahuitl: An Aztec Warriors Lethal and Sacred Weapon (Video), What Did Ancient Egypt Really Look Like? Ethnicity Your race can have an effect on your facial hair growth. Being highly sensitive to testosterone means more facial hair. People from Mediterranean countries tend to be able to grow thick beards compared to people from other regions. MR System However, the strength of its effect is also determined by your hair follicles sensitivity to DHT. Read our review of Nutrafol for Men to see if these hair loss products really work. WebWhat races dont grow facial hair? Caucasians and African Americans can usually grow thicker beards, while Asian men have a harder time developing a full beard. People with extremely low levels of testosterone have next to no facial hair. Your race can have an effect on your facial hair growth. In a 2016 study published in the Journal of Evolutionary Biology, Dixson discovered that women find men with facial hair more attractive than those without. Some Natives even voluntarily shave their heads. A Visual Tour (Video), 10 Jaw-dropping Engineering Marvels of the Inca Empire, Pompeii Unveiled: Discovering the City's Most Amazing Secrets (Video), The Not-So-Romantic Truth About Life in Ancient Greece (Video), What Did Ancient Greece Really Look Like? However, you can still end up with a pretty decent Asian guy beard. Many people believe that East Asians and Southeast Asians have little or no beards, but you cant generalize the statement to an entire population of Native Americans. Diversity in the human race results in the variation of all kinds of beards. (2013). Caucasian hair This hair type grows diagonally and at a rate of about 1.2 centimeters per month. They believe that routine massages will ensure proper blood flow and keep them sturdy and fit. For other tribes, body hair held cultural meaning. Les metteurs TNT, leurs caractristiques et leurs zones de couverture, Rception de la TNT en maison individuelle, Rception de la TNT en collectif (immeubles, lotissements, htels), La TNT dans les tablissements recevant du public (htels, hpitaux), Les rcepteurs avec TNT intgre (crans plats), Les adaptateurs pour recevoir la TNT gratuite en SD ou HD, Les terminaux pour les offres de la TNT payante, Les autres chanes et services du satellite, cble, TV par Internet, Les offres incluant les chanes de la TNT, Le matriel (dcodeurs, paraboles, accessoires ), La technique et la technologie de la TV par satellite, La technique et la technologie de la TV par le cble, La rception TV par Internet et rseaux mobile (3G/4G/5G), L'actualit des offres TV par Internet et rseaux mobile, Les offres TV des rseaux mobile 3G/4G/5G, La technique et la technologie de la TV par ADSL et fibre, La technique et la technologie de la TV sur les rseaux mobile, Meta-Topic du forum de la radio Numrique, Les zones de couverture et la rception DAB+. If your goal is to grow a full beard, you may be wondering if theres anything you can do to fill in the sides where your hair may be sparser. So anyone from any ethnicity can grow the best facial hair as long as he has beard-supportive genetics. The rate that your beard grows at is largely determined by your genetics. 2023 Minute Media - All Rights Reserved. And I do feel dumber for having read it. Testosterone is the primary male hormone. Only 8% have a beard. By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. People from Mediterranean countries tend to be able to grow thick beards Good God. What races dont grow facial hair? Some tribes wore wispy mustaches: Navajos, Utes, Cherokees and some Northwest Coast tribes and Inuits. What little they had, they usually plucked. Created for people with ongoing healthcare However, anecdotally, many people report their beard growing around an inch per month. Some do it for personal style, while others historically did it for ceremonial reasons. Native American men have different colored beards, such as black, ginger, blonde and brown. These two races top the list of ethnicities that have the most facial hair. Why is black hair different to white hair? Chinese people are the most suffers in this case. Most Native Americans have straight hair, but some have slightly wavy locks. Not all Native Americans had problems growing beards and mustaches. Beard oils are designed to moisturize your hair and the skin beneath your beard to help you avoid dryness. A Visual Tour (Video), Behind the Scenes of Ancient Greece: Exploring the Daily Life of its People (Video), Trove of Ancient Artifacts Discovered in Paestum Include Dolphin Statuette of Eros, TheiaGreek Goddess of Light, the Sun, the Moon, and Wisdom, Greeces East Attica In Antiquity: Playground Of Gods, Heroes And Heroines, A Face to the Legend: The Quest to Reconstruct Cleopatra's Look (Video), Aspasia - The Real-Life Helen of Troy? It is typically a secondary sex characteristic of human males . Updated on January 11, 2023, Expertise: Hair Color, Hair Styling, Style Trends. Neolithic Stone Balls: The Northern Rosetta Stone? Here are our top picks for shampoos for thinning hair, whether it's for hair loss, thinned hair strands, or both. Dermatology 13 years experience. Facial hair is asymbol of virility and wisdom (not to mention a wonderful enhancement to a male body). Grow out your beard. In fact, blue eyes, like blond hair, is genetically recessive, so if a full-blood Indian and a blue-eyed Caucasian person had a baby, it would be genetically impossible for that baby to have blue eyes. Ethnicity Your race can have an effect on your facial hair growth. Thicker hair leads to a fuller-looking beard. WebDoes your race affect your facial hair growth? Some tribes wore wispy mustaches: Navajos, Utes, Cherokees and some Northwest Coast tribes and Inuits. The pagan traditions associated with it have survived through the centuries, with many still A large Viking burial mound found on the island of Karmy off Norways western coast was long thought to be empty. Usually, they would pluck it. Hu TY, et al. Hair grows from a root beneath your skin, and cutting the ends of your hairs doesnt affect their growth. Caucasian people are generally hairier than the Japanese, for example, even though testosterone levels are the same. If youre in your teens or early 20s, youll likely notice that growing a beard will become easier as you mature. Black people also have a considerable amount of facial hair. Armpit hair is also known as axillary hair and grows in the underarm area. One included King Moctemuza, whose beard though thin, looked handsome.. ( CC BY 2.5 ) Did evolution give them beards to help them fight better? The bottom line is Native American beards do exist. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. Theres plenty you can do to that may help your beard hair grower in thicker, stronger, and healthier. Basically, all the races who decendant from the Out of Africa migration which includes all the races of Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. Some Men Can't Grow Beards and Facial Hair; a Dermatologist We would undoubtedly see a number of Samsons who lose all their power when losing their hair . In the old days, Native Americans used to pluck out even the sparse hair they had on their faces. Because of their long history of plucking and removing facial hair, Native Americans may also have more trouble growing a full, thick beard. This hair type grows diagonally and at a rate of about 1.2 centimeters per month. Professional Hair Color Brands Sure they can. Asians, on the other hand, Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. Many of this misinformation comes from people selling products touted to give you a thicker beard. Generally, it is soft, and the rate at which the beard grows is slow. All rights reserved. Can an Asian grow a beard? The overwhelming majority of these products dont have any research to back them. There are a lot of myths on the internet about growing facial hair. ( Public Domain ), The experimentation included modeling analogue human jaws made from epoxy resin covered with sheep skin, before various layers of facial hair were applied - from trimmed and fully-grown beards to no hair whatsoever. Caucasian hair density is the highest of the three ethnic categories and is therefore the fullest. The Caucasians, Indians, Melanesians, and also Americans have the best facial hair due to their paternal beard friendliness. What little they had, they usually plucked. Without lubrication, the fibers can become dry. Men often experience increased facial hair coverage until around age 30. Unravelling the Mystery of the Bearded Man. (2018). Your facial hair is directly linked to genetics and heredity though most people believe that your ethnicity is also one of the factors that determine whether you can grow a beard or not, which isnt true. (2016). So for those who have boy face, don't fret! But Why is the Plumed Serpent Ubiquitous? Alopecia areata is an autoimmune condition where your body attacks your hair follicles. It can cause the hair on your head and the hair in your beard to fall out in patches. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. DHT binds with receptors on your facial hair follicles to stimulate hair growth. Your body uses an enzyme called 5-alpha reductase to convert testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Using animal teeth and small knives was also common. The rate of growth can vary widely between people. DOI: Gibson LE. Although, male pattern baldness is less common in Native Americans. ;), Simians dont have beards or moustaches because they dont have the manual dexterity to use a razor. Native Americans used a variety of tools to shave. People from Mediterranean countries tend to be able to grow Counterintuitively, DHT has the opposite effect on your scalp and inhibits the growth of new hairs. Researchers produced 20 of each jaw type and fixed them on anvils before a 4.7 kilogram (10.3lbs) metal weight was dropped onto each one. The truth is that beards are just like most other genetically derived features: they can come from either side of the family. System is a versatile writer and a wig stylist with over 22 years of experience. ( E A Beseris , S E Naleway , D R Carrier ), Measuring the force traveling through each of the jaws as they were pummeled by the dropping weights, a detection machine measured precisely how much force went through, and was absorbed by, each jaw bone. This sensitivity is largely determined by your genetics. Some men, you know, have more hair follicles, so they can grow denser, coarser beards than others. People of every race and relationship type are encouraged to participate. This sensitivity is largely determined by your genetics. Ethnicity According to a 2016 study , Chinese men generally have less facial hair growth than Caucasian men. Cleopatra, the last pharaoh of Egypt, is one of the most iconic figures in history. These races include the Xhosa people of Africa, the Ainu people of Japan, and some Native Some men can grow a thick and coarse beard, while others have a light beard. caucasian and blacks are the ones that can grow the most there are exceptions of course. This leads to their facial hair growth being sparser than people from other backgrounds. A randomized evaluator blinded study of effect of microneedling in androgenetic alopecia: A pilot study. My mom is half filipino, bio-father came from a mostly Dutch ancestry. Even in Brazil beards are not as popular as in Europe. But before we begin, if the findings of this new scientific study are correct, we now know why Connor MacGregor, the former Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) featherweight and lightweight champion, took so many blows to the chin and went on to destroy almost everyone who stepped into the ring with him. ORIGINAL QUESTION received from - and thanks to - Sarah Conner: Did Aztec men ever grow beards prior to the Europeans' arrival? Its color can vary from blond to dark brown. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. For most men, genetics is the limiting factor for their beard growth. The difference seems to be in how sensitive the hair follicles are to those testosterone levels. Who Is The Highest Paid Ceo In The United States. Another myth is that Native Americans dont like to grow a beard which isnt justified. The diversity of facial hair growth depends on genetics. Hairstyles for Older Women Testosterone gets converted in the hair follicle to a more potent form called dihydrotestosterone. You are almost frightening. Looking at your father and grandparents beard can give you an idea of what to expect for your facial hair. Cutting Edge Celtic Tech - 2,300-year-old Scissors Still Sharp and Shiny! Which ethnicity grows the most facial hair? So blame mom and dad if you can't. WebSame. Dr. Chwalek: No. The majority of the Asian continent is characterized by tropical climatic conditions whereas biting weather conditions are also found in other places like the Himalayas. We avoid using tertiary references. Asian men don't have the easiest time growing facial hair, says Pratumrat. Ancient Greek boxers. Short Hairstyles for Fine Hair Why do humans have hair on their private parts? Ever wonder why the Native American beard is similar to the East Asian beard? Men of every race can grow beards, but the hair itself tends to grow differently. When DHT binds to receptors on your hair follicles, it stimulates the growth of facial hair. An Inspirational Courtesans Tale, Was Anne of Cleves Too Ugly for King Henry VIII? Caucasian hair strands are oval in shape. OK. I can grow more facial hair than pretty much all my filipino relatives, but it's a thin density so it DOI: Maurer M, et al. Studies have shown that fifteen thousand years ago, the Native Americans migrated to America through Beringia, which was a natural bridge that connected Russia to Alaska. Is it a fact or a myth? Then, two things happened: either Chaos or Gaia created the universe as we know it, or Ouranos and Tethys gave birth to the first beings. Almost. Haircut Numbers and Clipper Sizes According to American Indian anthropological specialists, the early American Indians would frequently pluck the new hairs as they appeared, simply because they didnt want them to grow. The ancient civilization of Greece is a historical period that has long been a subject of fascination and intrigue. Yes, Native Americans can go bald like any other race. tons of black people and every other culture/race you can think of 02-10-2011, 12:08 PM #29. Does shaving unwanted body hair make it grow back thicker and darker? In most cases, ethnicity has been classified into three groups: African, Asian and Caucasian. But that doesn't mean a man who suffers from boy facemeaning, he can't cultivate a beardisn't wise or manly. They are only aspects related to Japanese culture, there is no ban on beards in Japan. The Maya,like all Native Americans,do not have much facial hair,but many Maya men could grow beards and Mustaches . Why didnt they grow a beardsayhey! Its possible that having a vitamin or mineral deficiency can inhibit your hair growth. In some cases, low testosterone may be the cause of poor beard growth. The skin on your genital region is delicate. Unsurprisingly, Caucasians have the most facial hair. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. China. Such was the tradition. There are also a few conditions that could affect your beard growth. At the top of the list of sexual dimorphisms , which describe the most predominant physical differences between human males and females, is facial hair. Library in Stone: The Ica Stones of Professor Cabrera Part I, Two Sides to Every Story: The North American Martyrs Shrines and Indigenous/ Roman Catholic Relations, The Origins of the Faeries: Encoded in our Cultures Part I, Curse of the Buried Pearl: The Hunt for Ancient Treasures Part I, The Enigma of the Shugborough Inscription, The History of Boxing: Gory Gladiatorial Origins, Back Street Venues, and Big Money, Mistaken Belief has Turkish Locals Seeking Blessings at Olympic Boxers Tomb, Unleashing The Power of the Gods: Hexes and Black Magic in the Ancient Greek Olympics, Beards, Business and a History of Facial Hair in the Workplace. The stereotype that all Native Americans lack facial hair likely stems from the fact that many traditional Native American hairstyles dont leave room for visible beard growth. China Chinese people are the most suffers in this case. The interaction between testosterone and the hair that already exists causes it to grow thicker and darker. There are some Mexicans who can grow a full, thick beard but some Mexican cannot grow a full beard, and it is just and just because of genes and male hormonal level. I am sure you are familiar with his legend which states that he was born in a manger surrounded by shepherds, What's your favourite Fairy Tales (and their possible origins), From Pyramids to Temples: Discovering the 15 Most Ancient Buildings on Earth (Video), Lost City Revealed: The Mysteries of Nan Madol Uncovered (Video), Egyptian Authorities Push Back on Cleopatra Portrayal, 5 Pagan Traditions That Will Leave You Spellbound (Video), Submerged Secrets: Sunken Nabatean Temple Discovered Off Italian Coast, 1,200-Year-Old Viking Ship Burial Found in Supposedly Empty Mound, 10 Supernatural Powers from the Deities of World Mythology, 13th Century Magical Merlin Manuscript Shares Original Legend, Hidden in Plain Sight: The Pterodactyl of New Guinea, The Significance of the Sacred Seal of Solomon and its Symbols.
Home By Toni Morrison Summary,
Tyson Apostol Cycling,
How To Recharge A Disposable Vape With Android Charger,
Articles W