Chains were used to block streets so that Protestants could not escape from their houses. They were ordered to shut the city gates and arm the citizenry to prevent any attempt at a Protestant uprising. The would-be assassin, most likely Charles de Louviers, Lord of Maurevert[17](c. 15051583), escaped in the ensuing confusion. [3] Throughout Europe, it "printed on Protestant minds the indelible conviction that Catholicism was a bloody and treacherous religion".[4]. Ordinary lay Catholics were involved in the mass killings; they believed they were executing the wishes of the king and of God. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. FROM A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre The struggle for supremacy in northern Italy, which marked the last half of the fif- teenth century, gave rise to a new form of diplomacy, including structures and pro- cedures that would be fundamental to relations among all modern states. [35] In Bordeaux the inflammatory sermon on September 29 of a Jesuit, Edmond Auger, encouraged the massacre that was to occur a few days later. 130, Chapter 4 The Greek World Expands, 400-150 B.C.E. Requiring Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre . Beside this, the rivalries between the leading families re-emerged. C. The third round, France : Calvinists vs. Catholics [61] Huguenot works understandably dwelt on the harrowing details of violence, expounded various conspiracy theories that the royal court had long planned the massacres, and often showed extravagant anti-Italian feelings directed at Catherine, Gondi, and other Italians at court. All the best people took a hand in it, the King and the Queen Mother included."[102]. The Council of Trent (meets 1545-1563) The murder of thousands of French Protestants by Catholics in August 1572 influenced not only the subsequent course of France's civil wars and state building, but also patterns of international alliance and long-standing cultural values across Europe. 31. -It caused the Huguenots to flee France Read and study old-school with our bound texts. The second round, England : Anglicans vs. Catholics The first round, Germany : Lutherans vs. Catholics The future Pope Gregory served as a legate to Philip II of Spain, being sent by Pope Pius V to investigate the Cardinal of Toledo. Kill them! The massacre in Paris lasted three days despite the king's attempts to stop it. Tools for reinforcing Lutheran doctrine At this time, in an age before mass media, "the pulpit remained probably the most effective means of mass communication".[84]. The Catholic Reformation A. Ignatius of Loyola & the Society of Jesus B. The massacre caused a "major international crisis". In the Holy Innocents' Cemetery, on Sunday, 24, at noon, a hawthorn bush, that had withered for months, began to green again near an image of the Virgin. [12], Nevertheless, it was only in the aftermath of the massacre that anti-monarchical ideas found widespread support from Huguenots, among the "Monarchomachs" and others. [5] The royal marriage was arranged for 18 August 1572. Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . Holt speculated this entailed "between two and three dozen noblemen" who were still in Paris. 3. The severed head of Coligny was apparently dispatched to Pope Gregory XIII, though it got no further than Lyon, and the pope sent the king a Golden Rose. ("Emond" or "Edmond"). available here With these words, the most popular preacher in Paris legitimised in advance the events of St. Bartholomew's Day". 33. From Pursuit of Power:Venetian Ambassadors' Reports on Spain, Turkey and Francein the Age of Phillip II, 1560-1600, by James C. Davis (New York:-HarperCollins, 1970),pp. The following other wikis use this file: Usage on af.wikipedia.org Bartolomeusnag; Catharina de' Medici; Usage on ar.wikipedia.org [31] In most of them, the killings swiftly followed the arrival of the news of the Paris massacre, but in some places there was a delay of more than a month. Elizabeth restores the Church of England (1558- ) In his Histoire vritable de la ville de Lyon, the memorialist and former consul (town councillor) Claude de Rubys devoted just a few lines to the events of late August 1572, when the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacres had reached Lyon. That was interpreted by the Parisians as a sign of divine blessing and approval to these multiple murders,[22] and on the same day at night, a group led by Guise in person dragged Admiral Coligny from his bed, killed him, and threw his body out of a window. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . Brad Pennington Western Civ Chapter 14: Giovanni Michiel from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Neither faith had a monopoly on cruelty and misguided fervour". In Rouen, where some hundreds were killed, the Huguenot community shrank from 16,500 to fewer than 3,000 mainly as a result of conversions and emigration to safer cities or countries. [39] Accurate figures for casualties have never been compiled,[40] and even in writings by modern historians there is a considerable range, though the more specialised the historian, the lower they tend to be. Giovanni Michiel, from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Few towns escaped the episodic violence and some suffered repeatedly from both sides. From the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel's harsh report, people might imagine the relationship of religion to politics and political motivations which lead to this savage action. [89] Some blame the complete esteem with which the sovereign's office was held, justified by prominent French Roman Catholic theologians, and that the special powers of French Kings "were accompanied by explicit responsibilities, the foremost of which was combating heresy". [32] It seems unlikely any such orders came from the king, although the Guise faction may have desired the massacres. 30. From The Religious Peace of Augsburg, Reform in the Catholic World [20] Fears of Huguenot reprisals grew. The story was fictionalised by Prosper Mrime in his Chronique du rgne de Charles IX (1829), and by Alexandre Dumas, pre in La Reine Margot, an 1845 novel that fills in the history as it was then seen with romance and adventure. [97], On 23 August 1997, Pope John Paul II, who was in Paris for the 12th World Youth Day, issued a statement on the Massacre. 3. The Swiss mercenaries expelled the Protestant nobles from the Louvre castle and then slaughtered them in the streets. "[28] A jubilee celebration, including a procession, was then held, while the killings continued in parts of the city. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Several chapters depict in great detail the massacre and the events leading up to it, with the book's protagonists getting some warning in advance and making enormous but futile efforts to avert it. 8891 (quotation from p. 91), Foa, Jrmie, "Tous ceux qui tombent. Note: this article incorporates material from the, James R. Smither, "The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and Images of Kingship in France: 15721574. On the pretext of being in Paris when the violence hit his hometown, Rubys declared that '[he] cannot & will not say anything' about these events. 2023 OCLC Domestic and international trademarks and/or service marks of OCLC, Inc. and its affiliates. Many victims were also thrown into the Seine, invoking the purification by water of Catholic baptism". 9394, and Benedict (2004), p. 127, Knecht (2001), p. 368, though see Holt (2005), pp. D. Priests in the countryside He is the author of, Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations / Edition 7, Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser. Encouraged by Catholic preachers, they were horrified at the marriage of a princess of France to a Protestant. By focusing on describing the political and religious context for the massacre at the beginning, the author demonstrates the severity of the event. King Charles IX ordered the killing of a group of Huguenot leaders, including Coligny, and the slaughter spread throughout Paris. Take notes, add highlights, and download our mobile-friendly e-books. The dates are in Garrison, p. 139, who adds, Holt (2005 ed. "The massacre was interpreted as an act of divine retribution; Coligny was considered a threat to Christendom and thus Pope Gregory XIII designated 11 September 1572 as a joint commemoration of the Battle of Lepanto and the massacre of the Huguenots. Koenigsberger (who until his retirement in 1984 was Professor of History at King's College, University of London) wrote that the Massacre was deeply disturbing because "it was Christians massacring other Christians who were not foreign enemies but their neighbours with which they and their forebears had lived in a Christian community, and under the same ruler, for a thousand years". To placate the angry Huguenots, the government agreed to investigate the assassination attempt. One of the first victims was Coligny, who was killed under the supervision of Henry de Guise himself. Follett completely clears King Charles IX and his mother Catherine of any complicity and depicts them as sincere proponents of religious toleration, caught by surprise and horrified by the events; he places the entire responsibility on the Guise Family, following the "Machiavellian" view of the massacre and depicting it as a complicated Guise conspiracy, meticulously planned in advance and implemented in full detail. Henry VIII and the Act of Supremacy (1529-34) The failed assassination of Admiral de Coligny on 22 August 1572. "[52], Although these formal acts of rejoicing in Rome were not repudiated publicly, misgivings in the papal curia grew as the true story of the killings gradually became known. Shortly after this decision, the municipal authorities of Paris were summoned. The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre by Franois Dubois. [94], The historian H.G. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre ( French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. Thus, some modern historians have stressed the critical and incendiary role that militant preachers played in shaping ordinary lay beliefs, both Catholic and Protestant. The Huguenot political movement was crippled by the loss of many of its prominent aristocratic leaders, and many rank-and-file members subsequently converted. Pope Gregory XIII himself refused to receive Charles de Maurevert, said to be the killer of Coligny, on the ground that he was a murderer.[53]. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.
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